（1） 氣體的電離

大氣(qi)(qi)中存(cun)在(zai)少量自(zi)由電(dian)子與(yu)離子（100~500個(ge)/每立(li)方(fang)厘(li)米），這與(yu)導電(dian)金屬(shu)的(de)(de)自(zi)由電(dian)子相比差幾百億倍(bei)，所(suo)以空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)在(zai)通常情況下幾乎(hu)不導電(dian)。但是當氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分子獲(huo)得一定(ding)的(de)(de)能量后，就(jiu)有(you)可(ke)能是氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分子中的(de)(de)電(dian)子脫離自(zi)身(shen)，氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)就(jiu)有(you)了導電(dian)的(de)(de)性(xing)能。當在(zai)高壓電(dian)場的(de)(de)作用下，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)少量電(dian)子被(bei)加速達到(dao)一定(ding)的(de)(de)動能，能夠使與(yu)其碰撞的(de)(de)原(yuan)子逸出電(dian)子（發生電(dian)離），產生大量自(zi)由電(dian)子和(he)離子。

（2） 粉塵(chen)的荷電

粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)需(xu)要荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)才能在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場力(li)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)從氣體(ti)中分離出來。粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及所帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)多(duo)少與粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)的(de)粒(li)徑，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場強度和(he)停留時間等(deng)因素(su)有關。粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有碰(peng)(peng)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)兩種基(ji)本形式，碰(peng)(peng)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)負(fu)離子(zi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場力(li)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)被射入體(ti)積(ji)要大(da)得多(duo)的(de)粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)顆(ke)粒(li)內，擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)離子(zi)作(zuo)不規則熱運(yun)動(dong)而(er)與粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)碰(peng)(peng)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)使其荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)(zai)顆(ke)粒(li)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，碰(peng)(peng)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾乎同時存在(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)器中，對于粗顆(ke)粒(li)而(er)言(yan)以碰(peng)(peng)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)主，擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是次要的(de)；對于直徑小于0.2um的(de)細粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)而(er)言(yan)，碰(peng)(peng)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)飽(bao)和(he)值(zhi)很(hen)小，擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占很(hen)大(da)比例；對于直徑為(wei)1um左右的(de)粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)顆(ke)粒(li)，碰(peng)(peng)撞(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)擴(kuo)(kuo)散(san)荷(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)相(xiang)近。

（3） 荷(he)電粉塵的捕(bu)集

當粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)荷電后，荷電粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)在電場力(li)的作用下向集(ji)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)極(ji)運動，到達(da)集(ji)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)極(ji)表(biao)面(mian)，釋(shi)放(fang)電荷并沉集(ji)在表(biao)面(mian)，形成粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)層。最后，每隔一段時間，用機械振打將粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)層從集(ji)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)極(ji)上脫離下來，實現收塵(chen)(chen)(chen)。